Tutorial

Paquete `fastbioclim`: Derivación eficiente de variables bioclimáticas

El paquete fastbioclim está diseñado para generar variables bioclimáticas de manera eficiente, utilizando dos flujos de trabajo (workflows) distintos.

En Memoria (“terra”): El primer método se basa en el paquete terra y es ideal cuando los rásters pueden ser procesados completamente en la memoria RAM del computador.

Fuera de Memoria (“tiled”): El segundo método está diseñado para grandes rásters. Divide el área de interés en mosaicos (o cuadrículas) que son procesados de forma independiente utilizando los paquetes exactextractr y Rfast. Este enfoque out-of-core (fuera de memoria) permite analizar datos de cualquier tamaño, sin importar la memoria RAM disponible.

La principal ventaja de fastbioclim es que puede seleccionar de forma inteligente el método más adecuado con el argumento method = "auto", garantizando siempre el mejor balance entre velocidad y uso de memoria.

Además de su rendimiento, fastbioclim ofrece una gran flexibilidad:

Permite calcular un subconjunto de variables sin necesidad de generar el conjunto completo.
Expande el conjunto a 35 variables bioclimáticas, incluyendo radiación solar (bios 20-27) y resúmenes de humedad (bios 28-35) basados en la nomenclatura de ANUCLIM 6.1 (Xu & Hutchinson, 2012).
Ofrece la opción de definir períodos de tiempo personalizados (ej. semanas, semestres) para las variables basadas en períodos (como bio08 o bio18).
Permite utilizar un ráster de temperatura promedio real (parámetro tavg), en lugar de la aproximación estándar de (tmax + tmin) / 2.
Permite analizar cualquier variable temporal (velocidad del viento, humedad, etc.) con la misma arquitectura potente y escalable, usando la función derive_statistics().
Permite el uso de índices estáticos para un control avanzado, ideal para análisis de series temporales (p. ej., asegurar que el “período más cálido” se refiera siempre a los mismos meses cada año).

La funcionalidad de fastbioclim está inspirada en la función biovars() del paquete dismo, con el objetivo de agilizar y escalar el proceso de creación de variables bioclimáticas para el modelado ecológico y ambiental.

Aviso: Este paquete está en desarrollo

Este paquete de R está actualmente en desarrollo y puede contener errores, fallos o características incompletas.

Se agradecen las contribuciones y los informes de errores. Si encuentra problemas o tiene sugerencias de mejora, por favor abra un issue en el repositorio de GitHub.

Instalación

Para instalar fastbioclim, puede utilizar el paquete remotes. Si aún no lo tiene instalado, puede hacerlo ejecutando:

install.packages("remotes")
remotes::install_github("gepinillab/fastbioclim")

Instale y cargue los paquetes necesarios:

# Cargue librerías e instálelas si es necesario
if (!require("terra")) {
  install.packages("terra") 
}
if (!require("future.apply")) {
  install.packages("future.apply") 
}
if (!require("progressr")) {
  install.packages("progressr") 
}
if (!require("fastbioclim")) {
  remotes::install_github("gepinillab/fastbioclim") 
}

Obtener las 19 variables bioclimáticas para Ecuador

Al igual que biovars(), este paquete requiere que el usuario provea las variables climáticas promedio por unidad de tiempo para el cálculo de variables. Tradicionalmente dichas unidades de tiempo corresponden a promedios mensuales de temperatura y precipitación para decenas de años. Para este ejemplo vamos a usar variables obtenidas y procesadas de CHELSA v2.1 (Karger et al., 2017) para Ecuador que están disponibles dentro del paquete (solo en la versión de GitHub).

# Obtener lista de rasters y crear un spatRaster para cada variable
# Temperatura mínima
tmin_ecu <- system.file("extdata/ecuador/", package = "fastbioclim") |>
  list.files("tmin", full.names = TRUE) |> rast()
# Temperatura máxima
tmax_ecu <- system.file("extdata/ecuador/", package = "fastbioclim") |>
  list.files("tmax", full.names = TRUE) |> rast()
# Precipitación
prcp_ecu <- system.file("extdata/ecuador/", package = "fastbioclim") |>
  list.files("prcp", full.names = TRUE) |> rast()

# Definir directorio donde se guardarán los rasters
output_dir_bioclim <- file.path(tempdir(), "bioclim_ecuador")

# Obtener las 19 variables para Ecuador
bioclim_ecu <- derive_bioclim(
  bios = 1:19,
  tmin = tmin_ecu,
  tmax = tmax_ecu,
  prcp = prcp_ecu,
  output_dir = output_dir_bioclim,
  overwrite = TRUE
)
# Plot bio01 y bio12
plot(bioclim_ecu[[c("bio01", "bio12")]])

Usando temperatura promedio como input

El paquete fastbioclim también ofrece la opción de usar temperatura promedio (definida con el parámetro tavg) para el cálculo de variables bioclimáticas.

# Temperatura promedio
tavg_ecu <- system.file("extdata/ecuador/", package = "fastbioclim") |>
  list.files("tavg", full.names = TRUE) |> rast()
# Definir directorio donde se guardarán los rasters
output_dir_bioclim_v2 <- file.path(tempdir(), "bioclim_ecuador_v2")

bioclim_ecu_v2 <- derive_bioclim(
  bios = 1:19,
  tavg = tavg_ecu,
  tmin = tmin_ecu,
  tmax = tmax_ecu,
  prcp = prcp_ecu,
  output_dir = output_dir_bioclim_v2,
  overwrite = TRUE
)
# Diferencia entre bio01s cuando se usa tavg
plot(bioclim_ecu_v2[["bio01"]] - bioclim_ecu[["bio01"]])

Seleccionar un grupo de variables

Muchas veces no es necesario utilizar todas las variables bioclimáticas en nuestros análisis. Por este motivo, y a diferencia de biovars(), se puede definir en el parámetro bios el número que identifica cada una de las variables bioclimáticas. De esta forma no es necesario obtener todas las 19 variables para luego solo seleccionar las variables de interés. En el siguiente ejemplo solo se obtendrán cuatro variables (bio05, bio06, bio13 y bio14). Este ejemplo es algo más rápido, ya que no es necesario calcular internamente los trimestres más cálidos/fríos o secos/húmedos.

bios4_ecu <- derive_bioclim(
  tmin = tmin_ecu, 
  tmax = tmax_ecu, 
  prcp = prcp_ecu,
  bios = c(5, 6, 13, 14),
  overwrite = TRUE
)
plot(bios4_ecu)

Construir resúmenes con otras variables

Otra funcionalidad importante de fastbioclim es la opción de obtener estadísticas similares a las bioclimáticas pero con otras variables. Como ejemplo, realizaremos resúmenes de variables promedio mensuales de viento. Para las variables interactivas trimestrales, usaremos los trimestres más húmedos y secos.

wind_ecu <- system.file("extdata/ecuador/", package = "fastbioclim") |>
  list.files("wind", full.names = TRUE) |> rast()
wind_dir_ecu <- file.path(tempdir(), "wind_ecuador")

ecu_stats <- derive_statistics(
  variable = wind_ecu,
  stats = c("mean", "max", "min", "stdev", "max_period", "min_period"),
  inter_variable = prcp_ecu,
  inter_stats = c("max_inter", "min_inter"),
  prefix_variable = "wind",
  suffix_inter_max = "wettest",
  suffix_inter_min = "driest",
  overwrite = TRUE,
  output_dir = wind_dir_ecu
)
plot(ecu_stats)

También se pueden construir subconjuntos de variables, en este caso vamos a construir variables de viento, pero solo basado en la interacción con la temperatura, las cuales corresponden a “Viento en el trimestre más cálido” y “Viento en el trimestre más frío”.

ecu_stats_v2 <- derive_statistics(
  variable = wind_ecu,
  stats = NULL,
  inter_variable = tavg_ecu,
  inter_stats = c("max_inter", "min_inter"),
  prefix_variable = "wind",
  suffix_inter_max = "warmest",
  suffix_inter_min = "coldest",
  overwrite = TRUE,
  output_dir = wind_dir_ecu
)
plot(ecu_stats_v2)

Construir Neotrópico: 35 variables

Basado en la nomenclatura de ANUCLIM 6.1 (Xu & Hutchinson, 2012), derive_bioclim() también ofrece la opción de crear variables bioclimáticas basadas en índices de humedad (moisture en inglés) y radiación solar. En este caso, vamos a construir las 35 variables bioclimáticas para la extensión que cubra el Neotrópico.

En este caso, el método “auto” debería usar la creación de las variables usando el método de “tiles” (mosaicos). Pero también se puede forzar a usar dicho método usando el parámetro method="tiled". Este método dividirá el área de interés en mosaicos usando los grados decimales definidos en el parámetro tile_degrees (5 es el valor por defecto).

Paralelización: También es importante mencionar que el método ‘tiled’ se puede paralelizar usando future::plan(). Para más información consulte la documentación de dicho paquete.

Barra de progreso: La barra de progreso está disponible usando el paquete progressr. Para activarla es necesario usar la función progressr::handlers() o progressr::with_progress(). Para más información consulte la documentación de dicho paquete.

# Obtener lista de rasters y crear un spatRaster para cada variable
# Temperatura promedio
tavg_neo <- system.file("extdata/neotropics/", package = "fastbioclim") |>
  list.files("tavg", full.names = TRUE) |> rast()
# Temperatura mínima
tmin_neo <- system.file("extdata/neotropics/", package = "fastbioclim") |>
  list.files("tmin", full.names = TRUE) |> rast()
# Temperatura máxima
tmax_neo <- system.file("extdata/neotropics/", package = "fastbioclim") |>
  list.files("tmax", full.names = TRUE) |> rast()
# Precipitación
prcp_neo <- system.file("extdata/neotropics/", package = "fastbioclim") |>
  list.files("prcp", full.names = TRUE) |> rast()
# Radiación solar
srad_neo <- system.file("extdata/neotropics/", package = "fastbioclim") |>
  list.files("srad", full.names = TRUE) |> rast()
# Índice climático de humedad
mois_neo <- system.file("extdata/neotropics/", package = "fastbioclim") |>
  list.files("cmi", full.names = TRUE) |> rast()

# Definir directorio donde se guardarán los rasters
output_dir_neo <- file.path(tempdir(), "bioclim_neotropics")

# Activar barra de progreso
# progressr::handlers(global = TRUE)

# Definir plan de paralelización
# future::plan("multisession", workers = 4)

# Obtener las 35 variables para el Neotrópico
bioclim_neo <- derive_bioclim(
  bios = 1:35,
  tavg = tavg_neo,
  tmin = tmin_neo,
  tmax = tmax_neo,
  prcp = prcp_neo,
  srad = srad_neo,
  mois = mois_neo,
  method = "tiled",
  tile_degrees = 20,
  output_dir = output_dir_neo,
  overwrite = TRUE
)

## Warning in st_collection_extract.sf(rtt, c("POLYGON")): x is already of type
## POLYGON.

## Warning in .local(x, y, ...): No CRS specified for polygons; assuming they have
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print(bioclim_neo)

## class       : SpatRaster 
## size        : 2120, 1978, 35  (nrow, ncol, nlyr)
## resolution  : 0.04166667, 0.04166667  (x, y)
## extent      : -117.1251, -34.70847, -55.60847, 32.72486  (xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax)
## coord. ref. : lon/lat WGS 84 (EPSG:4326) 
## sources     : bio01.tif  
##               bio02.tif  
##               bio03.tif  
##               ... and 32 more sources
## names       :     bio01,       bio02,     bio03,      bio04,     bio05,     bio06, ... 
## min values  : -15.08724,  0.06966146,  1.224817,   5.000592, -6.597656, -26.50000, ... 
## max values  :  30.27604, 18.90247536, 91.692070, 836.565613, 42.875000,  26.29688, ...

Ejemplo con región definida por el usuario

Otro parámetro útil en el paquete fastbioclim es la opción de proveer un objeto ‘sf’ para delimitar y enmascarar un área de interés. El cálculo de las variables bioclimáticas solo se realizará en dicha área.

# Obtener áreas de interés
mex <- qs::qread(system.file("extdata/mex.qs", package = "fastbioclim"))
# Obtener solo bio10
bio10_mex <- derive_bioclim(
  bios = 10,
  tmax = tmax_neo,
  tmin = tmin_neo,
  user_region = mex,
  overwrite = TRUE,
  output_dir = file.path(tempdir(), "bio10_mex")
)
plot(bio10_mex)

Ejemplo con variable estática

Una opción avanzada dentro del paquete es la posibilidad de determinar variables estáticas para las variables máximas y mínimas por meses (o unidades) y períodos. Esto puede llegar a ser útil si las preguntas de investigación están relacionadas con un tiempo específico (p.ej. estaciones del año) o en la construcción de series de tiempo.

En este caso, vamos a crear nuevamente la variable bio10 en México, pero usando como referencia el trimestre de junio, julio y agosto. Para ello, debemos crear un spatRaster que defina el período de interés. En fastbioclim siempre se referencia el primer mes del período o la unidad. En este caso, dicho mes corresponde al número 6. Por lo cual, crearemos un raster lleno de este número, para luego ser usado como referencia en la creación de la variable ‘bio10’.

# Crear un raster de 6s para el neotrópico
warmest <- tavg_neo[[1]]
warmest[!is.na(warmest)] <- 6
names(warmest) <- "warmest_period"
# Importante: Para el método 'tiled' los raster deben estar guardados en disco
terra::writeRaster(warmest, file.path(tempdir(), "warmest_static.tif"), overwrite = TRUE)
warmest <- terra::rast(file.path(tempdir(), "warmest_static.tif"))
plot(warmest)

# Obtener solo bio10
bio10_war <- derive_bioclim(
  bios = 10,
  tmax = tmax_neo,
  tmin = tmin_neo,
  user_region = mex,
  warmest_period = warmest,
  overwrite = TRUE,
  output_dir = file.path(tempdir(), "bio10_war")
)
# Diferencias en bio10 de México
plot(bio10_mex - bio10_war)

Gonzalo E. Pinilla-Buitrago

2025-06-17

Paquete `fastbioclim`: Derivación eficiente de variables bioclimáticas

Instalación

Obtener las 19 variables bioclimáticas para Ecuador

Usando temperatura promedio como input

Seleccionar un grupo de variables

Construir resúmenes con otras variables

Construir Neotrópico: 35 variables

Ejemplo con región definida por el usuario

Ejemplo con variable estática

Tutorial

Gonzalo E. Pinilla-Buitrago

2025-06-17

Paquete fastbioclim: Derivación eficiente de variables bioclimáticas

Instalación

Obtener las 19 variables bioclimáticas para Ecuador

Usando temperatura promedio como input

Seleccionar un grupo de variables

Construir resúmenes con otras variables

Construir Neotrópico: 35 variables

Ejemplo con región definida por el usuario

Ejemplo con variable estática

Paquete `fastbioclim`: Derivación eficiente de variables bioclimáticas